Topics in discrete mathematics introduction to graph theory graeme taylor 4ii. This is also refered to as partially ordered sets or. A computational way to study discrete mathematics using haskell ryukinixdiscrete mathematics. Whenever sets are being discussed, the relationship between the elements of the sets is the next thing that comes up. It is an excellent general basic textbook in discrete mathematics and probability. Axioms and set theory mathematics university of waterloo. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying smoothly, the objects studied in discrete mathematics such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. Issues about data structures used to represent sets and the computational cost of set operations. If a set contains only one element it is called to be a singleton set. Discrete math set theory power set mathematics stack.
Set theory forms the basis of several other fields of study like counting theory, relations, graph theory and finite state machines. Many sets are given a shorthand notation in mathematics because they are used so frequently. An ordered set is a pair a,r, where a is a set and r is an ordering on a. What is the importance of set theory in discrete mathematics. The order of the elements in a set doesnt contribute. Comprehensive coverage of graph theory and combinatorics.
Duplicates dont contribute anythi ng new to a set, so remove them. A set is an unordered collection of different elements. Elements and subsets in set theory discrete mathematics. Problem set 1 is due on monday see the course information sheet. The strong tradition, universality and neutrality of set theory make it rm common ground on which to provide uni cation between seemingly disparate areas and notations of computer science. A graph with more than one edge between a pair of vertices is called a multigraph while a graph with loop edges is called a pseudograph. A binary relation r from set x to y written as xry or rx, y is a subset of the cartesian product x.
Set theory, branch of mathematics that deals with the properties of welldefined collections of objects, which may or may not be of a mathematical nature, such as. Instead, we will use what is callednaive set theory. Set theory is an important language and tool for reasoning. Set theory and types of set in discrete mathematics. But avoid asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. A set is a collection of distinct objects, without an ordering to the objects. Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. Discrete mathematics number theory saad mneimneh 1 divisibility and primes the focus of this entire note is on positive integers. This page intentionally left blank university of belgrade. Aimed at undergraduate mathematics and computer science students, this book is an excellent introduction to a lot of problems of discrete mathematics.
Mathematics is a discipline in which working the problems is essential to the understanding of the material contained in this book. This books raison detre is to provide a handson textbook with enough pictures and diagrams to appeal to visual learners and make logic, set theory and probability more accessible. Discrete mathematics works with things that are considered together, and those things can be collected to form a set. Here we are not concerned with a formal set of axioms for set theory. In this section, well try to reintroduce some geometry to our study of graphs. This book contains a judicious mix of concepts and solved examples that make it ideal for the beginners taking the discrete mathematics course. Notes on discrete mathematics northwestern university. Two sets are equal if and only if they have the same elements. Nov 06, 2015 this is a text that covers the standard topics in a sophomorelevel course in discrete mathematics.
Or a set is a collection of distinct, unordered objects. This alone assures the subject of a place prominent in human culture. We say that \a\ and \b\ have the same cardinality if there exists a bijection from \a\ onto \b\. Aug 29, 2009 defining a set a set is a collection of well defined entities, objects or elements.
Graph theory gordon college department of mathematics and. A spiral workbook for discrete mathematics open suny textbooks. We say that a divides b, or a is a divisor of b, or b is a multiple of a, if there exists an integer m such that b am we also denote this by a b a divides b. Or a set is a group of one or more elements with common characteristics. Introduction to formal methods for reasoning and to mathematical tech niquesbasictocomputerscience. Excellent discussion of group theory applicationscoding. Hence the set given by 1, 0, a are all consisting of only one element and therefore are singleton sets. A beautiful exposition of discrete probability can be found in chapter 8 of concrete mathematics, by graham, knuth, and patashnik 1. Relation or binary relation r from set a to b is a subset of axb which can be defined as arb a,b r ra,b.
For two distinct set, a and b with cardinalities m and n, the maximum cardinality of the relation r from a to b is mn. Set theory is likely to be around long after most presentday programming languages have faded from memory. Its a useful tool for formalising and reasoning about computation and the objects of computation. Its a basis for mathematicspretty much all mathematics can be formalised in set theory. Just as we can combine two numbers to form a third number, with operations like add, subtract, multiply and divide, so we can combine two sets to form a third set in various ways. So, a set may contain any type of data including other sets. A set in mathematics is a collection of well defined and distinct. The technique of using the concept of a set to answer questions is hardly new. It discusses a number of selected results and methods, mostly from areas of combinatorics and graph theory, and it uses proofs and problem solving to help students understand the solutions to problems. Pdf on jan 1, 2010, glynn winskel and others published discrete mathematics ii. A set can be written explicitly by listing its elements using set bracket. Ib questionbank mathematics higher level 3rd edition 1 discrete mathematics past paper questions in number theory 1. Discrete mathematicsset theory wikibooks, open books for. Many different systems of axioms have been proposed.
In set theory and logic, the natural numbers are defined to start at zero, but we denote this set by n0 0, 1. An introduction to set theory department of mathematics. Students are strongly encouraged to keep up with the exercises and the sequel of concepts as they are going along, for mathematics builds on itself. This chapter will be devoted to understanding set theory, relations, functions. A binary relation r on a single set a is defined as a subset of axa. Com prehensive presentations can be found in mitzenmacher and upfal 3, ross 4, 5, and grimmett and stirzaker 2. Georg cantor, the founder of set theory, gave the following definition of a set at the beginning of his. Set theory basic building block for types of objects in discrete mathematics. The fundamental difference from classical set theory zfc is that xst is based on a ternary membership relation, x is an element of y with scope s. Discrete mathematics, set theory, and logic discrete math, graph theory, combinatorics, recurrence relations difference equations, set theory, gene.
Discrete mathematicsdiscrete mathematics and itsand its applicationsapplications seventh editionseventh edition chapter 2chapter 2 setssets lecture slides by adil aslamlecture slides by adil aslam lecture slides by adil aslam email address is. An introduction to set theory university of toronto math. Number theory and cryptography richard mayr university of edinburgh, uk richard mayr university of edinburgh, uk discrete mathematics. Topics in discrete mathematics introduction to graph theory. Relations may exist between objects of the same set or between objects of two or more sets. Although any type of object can be collected into a set. Lecture notes find, read and cite all the research you need. Thanks for contributing an answer to mathematics stack exchange. Discrete mathematicsset theoryexercises wikibooks, open. Oct 29, 2016 set theory is a useful foundation for mathematics in general and for discrete mathematics in particular. Example 1 how many edges are possible with n nodes, in a complete graph. Discrete mathematics number theory semantic scholar.
Springer nature is committed to supporting the global response to emerging outbreaks by enabling fast and direct access to the latest available research, evidence, and data. A few elementary examples are the set of natural numbers. Let us consider a few examples of entities we may consider to be sets. It explains and clarifies the unwritten conventions in mathematics, and guides the students through a detailed discussion. These objects are the members or elements of the set. This chapter introduces set theory, mathematical in. Covers set theory, logic, counting, permutations and combinations, functions, relations, number theory, proofs, and formal grammar. Set theory is a branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which informally are collections of objects. Topicsincludepropositionallogic,discrete mathematics, and linear algebra. We present the axioms of extended set theory xst and the ideas underlying the axioms. Axioms and models for an extended set theory, joint with d. But even more, set theory is the milieu in which mathematics takes place today.
1313 949 257 1168 500 336 1266 1488 760 808 1335 1103 1415 1139 803 1096 725 1452 474 481 403 1218 840 523 362 1353 813 695 1371 433 1059 450 581 967 1431 1185 894 1415 874